Friday March 9, 2007, San Jose, California, USA

Tommy Barrett is a dreamy-eyed fifth-grader who lives with his parents, twin brothers, two cats and a turtle in San Jose, Calif., the heart of Silicon Valley. Suffering from Asperger's Syndrome, a mild form of Autism, Tommy's fascination with his toys is so strong that he pretends to be the toys, transforming from a truck into a robot or morphing into a kitten.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Miami, Florida, USA

Young and Bipolar: Nicole Cabezas, 16, who suffers from Bipolar disorder, walks along a beach near her home.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Hollywood, California, USA

Runaways. They are the young refugees from a million private wars being waged in families across America, a ragtag army of the abused or simply ignored. Each year, as many as 1.3 million teenagers flee their home. For the nationÕs runaways Hollywood is ground zero, attracting and then destroying thousands and thousands of children.

Outside the abandoned L.A. building she shares with her boyfriend Troll, Green, 16, has been awake for nearly four days in the throes of acid and speed. She says she started using drugs at home in Houston when she was 15. Once a week, she calls her Mom collect. ``Each time, I tell her I'll be home in a week, even though I know it's not true.''

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Wednesday April 26, 2006, Stanhope, New Jersey, USA

New Jersey school offers teaching methods for autistic children

In Stanhope, New Jersey, Celebrate The Children is one of a growing number of schools for autistic children using a new technique called DIR (developmental, individual-difference, relationship based) teaching. This approach emphasizes complex social interactions that build many skills at once, rather than the traditional use of carefully repeated drills and rewards. The joyful bonds between the students and the teachers at Celebrate The Children belie the stereotype of these kids as autistic automatons, forever unable to interact emotionally with other people.

Tyler Johnson poses with his project, created from spaghetti and marshmallows. Students created structures such as pyramids and cubes while learning about design and balance.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Chicago, Illinois, USA

So many kids are growing up in foster care that social workers are beginning to worry about how they will survive after leaving the state's care. Studies show that former foster kids are at risk of becoming criminals, homeless or pregnant after being "emancipated" from the system, according to child-welfare experts. Homer Bennett's birth family was far from perfect. His mom and dad paid the bills by peddling heroin and cocaine from the living room couch of their three-bedroom home on Chicago's South Side.All told, Homer has lived in 14 different foster homes, seldom staying in one longer than a year. In the 15 years he was in foster care, his family disintegrated. He very rarely sees his birth mother or his brother Frankie. His father is dead. Homer, at 20, is a father himself, of an infant girl, and he says he's worried about keeping his own family together. He hopes to get his GED and maybe even graduate from a community college.

Portrait of Homer Bennett.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Hollywood, California, USA

Runaways. They are the young refugees from a million private wars being waged in families across America, a ragtag army of the abused or simply ignored. Each year, as many as 1.3 million teenagers flee their home. For the nationÕs runaways Hollywood is ground zero, attracting and then destroying thousands and thousands of children.

14-year-old 'Beavis' with a cat on Hollywood Boulevard. The clock starts the minute a young runaway hits the streets; with each passing day the youth is harder to reach, until finally youth itself is extinguished

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Wednesday January 10, 2007, Laredo, Texas, USA

"Voices From Juvenile Detention: Kids Behind Bars" It sounds harmless: Òpre-trial detention.Ó But the reality is far different. In a squat block building in Laredo, TexasÑand in similar places around the nationÑchildren await trial or placement in concrete cells while the underlying issues that led to their behavior fester. Some are addicts who need treatment; others are kids battling mental illnesses. Many are angry and have been virtually abandoned by absentee or irresponsible parents. Some spend a few days, others months, but despite the efforts of a small corps of dedicated professionals, few actually receive treatment for the issues that brought them to Juvenile.

Rene, age 15, in a detention cell after three days of sniffing carburator fluid. With nowhere else to detox, he ended up in Juvenile. They've taken a toll on Rene. The drugs, that is. Lots of drugs, beginning at age 13. Doctors suspect that he has brain damage, probably because of drug use. So, his parents turned to an alphabet soup's worth of agencies for help. His mother's experience: "I went all over the place and they wouldn't help me anywhere. I went to RAICES, to STACADA. They are more or less helping him at CAPS. We would be sent from doctor to doctor and then sent to run around looking for this or that paper. They would tell us that the rehabs here were voluntary. They said they couldn't make themselves responsible if he took off." So Rene's family turned to Juvenile to keep him away from drug-using friends. "It's not that we want to have him locked up," Rene's father says. "It's just so that he will see." Now Rene is a familiar face at Juvenile. But don't ask him for details. The drugs have taken their toll.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Laredo, Texas, U.S.A.

"Voices from Juvenile Detention: Kids Behind Bars" It sounds harmless: Òpre-trial detention.Ó But the reality is far different. In a squat block building in Laredo, TexasÑand in similar places around the nationÑchildren await trial or placement in concrete cells while the underlying issues that led to their behavior fester. Some are addicts who need treatment; others are kids battling mental illnesses. Many are angry and have been virtually abandoned by absentee or irresponsible parents. Some spend a few days, others months, but despite the efforts of a small corps of dedicated professionals, few actually receive treatment for the issues that brought them to Juvenile.

They try to scare them straight. That's a "crisis intervention" in a nutshell. If a child is causing trouble in school or acting up at home (like this 11-year-old here for fighting with his brother,) parents, administrators, or the courts can send the youngster to Juvenile for an intense dose of intimidation.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Empire, Louisiana, USA

Doris Bowlett and her fiancŽ, Korey Vaughn, live on their damaged fishing boat in Empire, Louisiana, in lower Plaquemines Parish. They cannot afford the $15,000 it would cost to repair the boat and return it to service.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Tunica, Mississippi, USA

Earlene Grayer with one of her grandchildren in the tiny shack she lives in with sixteen children and grandchildren.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Chicago, Illinois, USA

When Molly Rudberg was eight, her parents divorced, leaving her with an ache for a father who was so often absent when she needed him most. "Many weekends were missed, as well as prom nights, homecoming dances, soccer games, evenings of homework or just simple advice," says the Chicago marketing strategist. "I finally threw in the towel when he couldn't make it to my older sister's high school graduation because he had to be overseas." Though father and daughter wound up living just four blocks apart, for years Molly couldn't bring herself to reach out. Soon after Sept. 11, however, they began meeting for breakfast every Tuesday. She knows the healing is going to take a long time. "Sept. 11 happened; and though many, many precious lives were lost that day, I have no doubt many lives were saved as well," she says. "It's emotionally draining, but it's worth it," she says of the reconciliation breakfasts.

A reunion breakfast in Chicago between Molly Rudberg and her estranged father.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Wednesday April 26, 2006, Stanhope, New Jersey, USA

New Jersey school offers teaching methods for autistic children

In Stanhope, New Jersey, Celebrate The Children is one of a growing number of schools for autistic children using a new technique called DIR (developmental, individual-difference, relationship based) teaching. This approach emphasizes complex social interactions that build many skills at once, rather than the traditional use of carefully repeated drills and rewards. The joyful bonds between the students and the teachers at Celebrate The Children belie the stereotype of these kids as autistic automatons, forever unable to interact emotionally with other people.

Paraprofessional teacher Nicole Spurvey with student Ryan Idleman during "morning circle," where the children gather together, sing and play games. This shows students and staff "exchanging emotional signals, reading and responding to each other, and sharing emotions while problem solving."

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Stanhope, New Jersey, USA

Nick Furth and Dan Myers, paraprofessional, playing a game in the morning before school at Celebrate the Children, a school for autistic children. AT CTC each childÕs individual sensory profile is supported with motivating, relationship-based sensory integration activities as needed. This is done to help regulate the child and bring them to the optimal organized state.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Thursday April 28, 2005, Laredo, Texas, USA

"Voices from Juvenile Detention: Kids Behind Bars" It sounds harmless: Òpre-trial detention.Ó But the reality is far different. In a squat block building in Laredo, TexasÑand in similar places around the nationÑchildren await trial or placement in concrete cells while the underlying issues that led to their behavior fester. Some are addicts who need treatment; others are kids battling mental illnesses. Many are angry and have been virtually abandoned by absentee or irresponsible parents. Some spend a few days, others months, but despite the efforts of a small corps of dedicated professionals, few actually receive treatment for the issues that brought them to Juvenile.

Zulema,5, making her fourth visit to Webb County Juvenile Detention, wanted to escape from a world filled with problems. First, she turned to pills. Then came marijuana and now crack cocaine: "When I do drugs it makes me forget about my problems: family problems, friend problems, boyfriend problems. I started drinking, and then I went to pills and then to marijuana, and now I'm on crack cocaine. And the worst part is when you're not drugged anymore, you're back to reality. I tried before, quitting drugs, but I can't stop. "I just give problems to my parents and they're nice people. Like this past time, I just . . . "I was doing cocaine and took some pills and I thought I was gonna die. . . . I wanted to die. And I was scared \'cause . . . I dunno, I got mad at my mom and we were fighting and I went to my room and I tried to cut my veins with my knife. "I wish it would have worked."

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Tuesday March 27, 2007, Portland, Oregon

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Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Wednesday April 26, 2006, Stanhope, New Jersey, USA

New Jersey school offers teaching methods for autistic children

In Stanhope, New Jersey, Celebrate The Children is one of a growing number of schools for autistic children using a new technique called DIR (developmental, individual-difference, relationship based) teaching. This approach emphasizes complex social interactions that build many skills at once, rather than the traditional use of carefully repeated drills and rewards. The joyful bonds between the students and the teachers at Celebrate The Children belie the stereotype of these kids as autistic automatons, forever unable to interact emotionally with other people.

Joshua Kitts celebrates after successfully completing a game requiring memorizing and repeating the sequence of squares needed to pass through the game board safely. Students competing on teams work with one another to learn the pattern of steps created by the teachers. Experience-based activities are done daily to strengthen visual-spatial thinking, motor planning and sequencing, problem solving abilities, abstract thinking, and reasoning.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Austin, Texas, USA

A 6-year-old boy undergoes an ear examination at a pediatric clinic. his family fears losing the Children's Health Insurance benefits which makes health care possible for this working family.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Laredo, Texas, USA

"Voices from Juvenile Detention: Kids Behind Bars" It sounds harmless: Òpre-trial detention.Ó But the reality is far different. In a squat block building in Laredo, TexasÑand in similar places around the nationÑchildren await trial or placement in concrete cells while the underlying issues that led to their behavior fester. Some are addicts who need treatment; others are kids battling mental illnesses. Many are angry and have been virtually abandoned by absentee or irresponsible parents. Some spend a few days, others months, but despite the efforts of a small corps of dedicated professionals, few actually receive treatment for the issues that brought them to Juvenile.

Jose Eduardo, 14, plays checkers in the cellblock common area of the Webb County Juvenile Detention Center. Nothing about the juvenile detention center--not the cinder-block cells, not the orange jumpsuits or the brown plastic slippers--seems made for children. And yet, every day the guests get smaller, and more confused about what brought them here. Psychiatrists say children do not react to punishment in the same way as adults. They learn more about becoming a criminals than they do about becoming a citizens. And one night of loneliness can be enough to prove their suspicions that nobody cares.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Tuesday March 27, 2007, Portland, Oregon

ATTN: JP AND RYAN: THESE ARE FOR YOUR EDITING PURPOSES ONLY - FULL CAPTIONS TK AFTER FINAL EDIT DONE CR: Steve Liss

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Near Laredo, Texas, USA

Illegal immigrants cross the Rio Grande enroute to Laredo, Texas. Millions of immigrants have taken the perilous journey north to a country whose corporations desire their cheap labor.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

Police stationed in a sub-station in the Desire housing project play basketball with neighborhood children. Community policing such as this has cut the crime rate dramatically.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Tunica, Mississippi, USA

Thirty-three year old Earlene Grayer hangs wash on a line beside the three-room shack in which she is raising 16 children and grandchildren.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

"No Place for Children: Voices from Juvenile Detention" It sounds harmless: Òpre-trial detention.Ó But the reality is far different. In a squat block building in Laredo, TexasÑand in similar places around the nationÑchildren await trial or placement in concrete cells while the underlying issues that led to their behavior fester. Some are addicts who need treatment; others are kids battling mental illnesses. Many are angry and have been virtually abandoned by absentee or irresponsible parents. Some spend a few days, others months, but despite the efforts of a small corps of dedicated professionals, few actually receive treatment for the issues that brought them to Juvenile.

Jose, 14, sits in his cell with his hands an feet shackled after he refused to calm down when ordered by detention staff. >"I think I'm a good person, but when they get to me they get to me." Jose is back in Juvenile because he ran away from home. He's good at running away from his problems. There was the time Jose was sent to a residential halfway house. He mused aloud to his escorts that the place was not fenced in and the windows were open. Two hours later, he was gone. But there's more to Jose's story. He admits he's drunk, but a guard suspects he's high on drugs. And he's angry. Jose is often angry. Little things set him off--and get him in trouble. So, Jose keeps landing in Juvenile. There's no other place for him. But, as Jose seethes in his cell, his problems go untreated. His probation officer Sylvia Ortegon tells his story: "His mother is in prison and all he wants is to have his mother. That's all he wants. His mom. He received a phone call from his mother while he was in detention and she told him, 'When I get out of here you're not going to do what you're doing now.' And he was so happy. He was so happy. He told me, 'When my mom comes out, I will behave, Ms. Ortegon. I will behave.' But his mother is gonna be in prison for six years. . . . He is a very likable kid, and he tri

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Laramie, Wyoming, USA

The fence to which Matthew Shepard, a 1-year-old gay student at the University of Wyoming, was tied and left to die. In the aftermath it became an impromptu shrine for visitors, who left notes, flowers, and other mementos.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 23, 2007, Portland, Oregon

ATTN: JP AND RYAN: THESE ARE FOR YOUR EDITING PURPOSES ONLY - FULL CAPTIONS TK AFTER FINAL EDIT DONE CR: Steve Liss

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Sunday October 15, 2006, Florence, Colorado, USA

Colorado supermax prison

The United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX) prison in Florence, Colorado, often referred to as a "supermax" prison, houses prisoners deemed highly dangerous and in need of the tightest control.

Florence, Colorado's supermax prison, ADX can be seen at left, situated beside a conventional maximum security facility at right.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Thursday April 28, 2005, Laredo, Texas, USA

"Voices from Juvenile Detention: Kids Behind Bars" It sounds harmless: Òpre-trial detention.Ó But the reality is far different. In a squat block building in Laredo, TexasÑand in similar places around the nationÑchildren await trial or placement in concrete cells while the underlying issues that led to their behavior fester. Some are addicts who need treatment; others are kids battling mental illnesses. Many are angry and have been virtually abandoned by absentee or irresponsible parents. Some spend a few days, others months, but despite the efforts of a small corps of dedicated professionals, few actually receive treatment for the issues that brought them to Juvenile.

Inmates, ages 10-16, march at dawn through the exercise yard at the Webb County Juvenile Detention facility. This is the world of young felons, of kids gone astray, of children who cry for their mothers from behind bars. Some have skipped class too much, some have murdered in cold blood. At least half of the kids have been incarcerated before. And, if society's attempts at rehabilitation ultimately fail--or if the parent can't or simply won't do anything to turn around years of neglect and abuse--just a few more visits to juvenile detention will harden some of these kids into full-fledged adult criminals.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Friday March 9, 2007, Casper, Wyoming, USA

Small-state politicians argue that every state, no matter how underpopulated, needs a boost of money to achieve a minimal level of security after Sept. 11. "Whether it's a state of half a million or 4 million, you've got to do certain basic things," Senator Leahy told Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge during a hearing.

Casper, Wyoming firefighters in Level A suits with flash fire protection

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Friday March 9, 2007, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

The old Central Artery, torn down during the 'big dig' winds it way around downtown Boston, circa 1987.

Credit: Steve Liss / Polaris

Steve Liss